Crusader kings 2 imperial administration

#Crusader kings 2 imperial administration series#

Saracen was used for an Arab Muslim, derived from a Greek and Roman name for the nomadic peoples of the Syro-Arabian desert.

The terms 'Franks' ( Franj) and 'Latins' were used by the peoples of the Near East during the crusades for western Europeans, distinguishing them from the Byzantine Christians who were known as 'Greeks'. Strategic raiding was known as passagium particulare and more fundamental campaigns as passagium generale. The modern English 'crusade' dates to the 17th century, with the work of Louis Malmbourg. By the mid 13th century the cross became the major descriptor of the Crusades with crux transmarina-'the cross overseas'-used for crusades in the eastern Mediterranean, and crux cismarina-'the cross this side of the sea'-for those in Europe. This led to the French croisade-the way of the cross. Only at the end of the century was a specific language of Crusading adopted in the form of crucesignatus-'one signed by the cross'-for a Crusader. Crusader terminology remained largely indistinguishable from that of Christian pilgrimage during the 12th century. ДЄt the time of the First Crusade, iter, 'journey', and peregrinatio, 'pilgrimage' were used to describe the campaign. The term's usage can be misleading, particularly regarding the early Crusades, and the definition remains a matter of debate among contemporary historians. These differed from other Christian religious wars in that they were considered a penitential exercise, and so earned participants forgiveness for all confessed sins. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Roman Catholic Church against pagans, heretics or for alleged religious ends. The term 'crusade' first referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to the Holy Land. From the mid-14th century, crusading rhetoric was used in response to the rise of the Ottoman Empire, only ending in 1699 with the War of the Holy League.ДЎ4th-century miniature of the Second Crusade battle from the Estoire d'Eracles In the 13th century, crusading was used against the Cathars in Languedoc and against Bosnia this practice continued against the Waldensians in Savoy and the Hussites in Bohemia in the 15th century and against Protestants in the 16th. In 1199, Pope Innocent III began the practice of proclaiming political crusades against Christian heretics. From 1147, campaigns in Northern Europe against pagan tribes were considered crusades. Proclaimed a crusade in 1123, the struggle between the Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula was called the Reconquista by Christians, and only ended in 1492 with the fall of the Muslim Emirate of Granada. After this, there were no further crusades to recover the Holy Land. The Crusader presence remained in the region in some form until the fall of Acre in 1291. Initial successes established four Crusader states: the County of Edessa the Principality of Antioch the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli. Later crusades were generally conducted by more organized armies, sometimes led by a king. The first Crusaders had a variety of motivations, including religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Across all social strata in western Europe, there was an enthusiastic popular response. He encouraged military support for Byzantine emperor Alexios I against the Seljuk Turks and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. In 1095, Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. Beginning with the First Crusade which resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of Crusades were fought, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. Unsanctioned by the church, Popular Crusades of ordinary citizens were also frequent. Through the 15th century, other church-sanctioned crusades were fought against heretical Christian sects, against the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, to combat paganism and heresy, and for political reasons. Concurrent military activities in the Iberian Peninsula against the Moors (the Reconquista) and in northern Europe against pagan Slavic tribes (the Northern Crusades) also became known as crusades. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 10 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule.

#Crusader kings 2 imperial administration series#

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. Crusades against heretics and schismatics